In this expert interview, Dr Anne Kroman (Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, US) explores why sex differences in electrophysiology still matter in 2026 and how they should shape clinical decision-making. Focusing on atrial fibrillation (AF) and device therapy, she discusses where women are still underdiagnosed or referred too late, and how to approach ablation and device selection in female patients.

Dr Kroman also reviews the latest AF and device trial data, highlighting what should change in current practice, and addresses the ongoing challenge of applying evidence from under-represented populations to real-world female patients. The conversation further examines gaps in current guidelines and shares practical insights from clinical experience that every electrophysiologist should consider when treating women.